STUDY GUIDE-Test 1

Chapters 1 & 2

 

STUDY GUIDE NOTE: Be sure to study hard for this test.  It is probably the hardest test of the three because of the size of the chapters and the nature of some of the material.  For your own sake please don’t wait for Monday to start studying for this test.  If you know all of this material you will ace the test.  All of the questions will come form this material.

 

KNOW THE THE MATERIAL IN THE STUDY GUIDE FOR Chapters 1& 2.  YOU DON'T NEED TO KNOW THE SHORT ANSWER AND ESSAY MATERIAL.

 

Know the following terms, persons and ideas.  For the people know their key ideas and how they might compare or contrast with other key thinkers on various topics.

 

Know the MAIN ideas and characteristics of:

            Socrates

            W.E.B. DuBois

 

Be able to identify and understand these terms for possible matching or fill in the blank questions.

Color Line

Dialogue

Irony

Milesians

Philosophy

Stoics

Cosmology

Dialectical Method

Double Consciousness

Logos

Natural Law

Rationality

Universality

Objectivity

 

Also be able to give at least four things that Socrates and Jesus had in common.

Know the six steps for writing a philosophy paper.

 

Be able to define and give an example of a deductive and inductive argument?

 

Be able to list and define:

1.       Logic

2.       Epistemology

3.       Metaphysics

4.       Ethics

5.       Aesthetics

6.       Psychology

7.       Philosophy of History

 

 

Know this definition of Philosophy:

Philosophy is the attempt to think rationally and critically about the most important questions.

 

Know the two “most important questions” of philosophy according to Wolff and Sophies World.

 

Be able to define these three foundational laws of logic.

1.  The Law of Non-Contradiction

Nothing can both be and not be at the same time and in the same respect.

2.  The Law of the excluded Middle

Something either is or is not.

3.  The Law of Identity

Something is what it is.

 

Be able to identify the following fallacies.  You won’t have to define them or explain them, just be able to recognize a fallacy in an argument.

Ad-Hominem -- Appeal to the man (abusive)

Ad-Hominem -- (circumstantial)

Appeal to Ignorance

Appeal to the crowd

Appeal to authority

Appeal to pity

Begging the question

Converse Accident

False Cause

Complex Question

Hasty Induction

Lazy Induction

 

Explain the two ways to view myths. (explanation or expression)

 

Know the following Multiple Choice questions.

 

1.       According to the Stoics, the universe is governed by which of the following?

  1. Logos or order.
  2. Fate.
  3. Cause and effect.
  4. They do not view the universe as having order.

 

2.       The individual given credit as being the Western world’s first philosopher is:

  1. Socrates
  2. Plato
  3. Thales
  4. Pythagoras

 

3.       One of the limitations of the Western philosophical tradition is which of the following?

  1. It contains very few contributions by women or persons of color.
  2. It is outdated.
  3. It is too simplistic and has not answered any of the important issues facing our country.
  4. None of the above.

 

4.       There are three events which are discussed as leading to Socrates’ reputation and fame. 

Which of the following is not one of these?

  1. Plato’s dialogues.
  2. The trial of Socrates.
  3. The dialectical method.
  4. The formulation of the theory of atomism.

 

5.       Which philosopher is known as a Stoic?

  1. Thales.
  2. Plato.
  3. Marcus Aurelius.
  4. David Hume.

 

13. DuBois uses two metaphors to describe the state of mind generated by being a person of color in a society dominated by white people:

A. the veil and the hammer.

B. the cross and the whip.

C. the hammer and the sickle.

D. the veil and double consciousness.

E. none of the above.

 

 14. Socrates claimed that because the principles of right thinking and acting are within us,

A. no person may teach another what those principles are.

B. we may discover those principles by a relentless search through the wisdom codified in tradition.

C. we may discover those principles through self-examination.

D. a and b

E. a and c

 

15.  According to DuBois, double consciousness is

A. the sense of having to look at oneself through the eyes of others.

B. being able to see two sides of an issue at the same time.

C. the deception people of color have to perpetrate when interacting with whites.

D. dual citizenship in the United States and Ghana.

E. none of the above.

 

 17.  The two great themes of western philosophy are

A. the study of human nature and of the cosmos.

B. the study of the one and of the many.

C. the study of God and His relation to the world.

D. all of the above.

E. none of the above.

 

18.  According to the Stoics, the universe is governed by which of the following?

A. Logos or order.

B. Fate.

C. Cause and effect.

D. They do not view the universe as having order.

 

 

Important Terms, Persons and Ideas -Chapter 2

Cogito, Ergo Sum

Copy Theory of Ideas

Epistemological Turn

Epistemology

Method of Inquiry

Rationalism

Solipsism

Truths of Reason

Unity of Consciousness

Virtual Reality

Categories

Complex Ideas

Empiricism

Epistemological Skepticism

Impressions

Method of Doubt

Principle of Sufficient Reason

Simple Ideas

Tabula Rasa

Truths of Fact

Rene Descartes

Gottfried Leibnitz

John Locke

George Berkeley

David Hume

Immanuel Kant

 

Multiple Choice-Chapter 2

 

1.       Epistemology deals with which of the following kinds of questions:

  1. What is the nature of reality?
  2. What is the good life?
  3. What are the sources of knowledge?
  4. Should society be based on liberty and equality for all?

 

2.       Wolff discusses two features of René Descartes’ method.  Which method is used to find things out?

  1. The method of doubt.
  2. The method of inquiry.

 

3.       Which view claims that the source of all knowledge is reason?

  1. Solipsism.
  2. Empiricism.
  3. Skepticism.
  4. Rationalism

 

4.       What does Wolff call the process of reversing the order of priority of metaphysics and epistemology?

  1. Cogito, ergo sum.
  2. Epistemological turn.
  3. Truths of fact.
  4. Law of the excluded middle.

 

5.       Which of the following thinkers is classified as an empiricist?

  1. John Locke.
  2. Immanuel Kant.
  3. Gottfried Leibniz.
  4. René Descartes.

 

6.       The Cogito Argument is best described by which of the following?

  1. It is an argument that proves the existence of God.
  2. It is an argument that proves the certainty of impressions.
  3. It is a proof of the existence of the person presenting the argument.
  4. It is proof of truths of reason.

 

7.       This law states that a proposition and its negation cannot both be true at the same time:

  1. The law of the excluded middle.
  2. The principle of sufficient reason.
  3. The law of contradiction.
  4. The principle of identity.

 

8.       This view claims that the source of all knowledge is sense experience.

  1. Empiricism.
  2. Rationalism.
  3. Skepticism.
  4. Epistemology.

 

9.       According to Immanuel Kant, the mind of consciousness has a unity which is due to certain rules which he called:

  1. Impressions.
  2. Truths of fact.
  3. Truths of reason.
  4. Categories.

 

10.   Which of the following thinkers is classified as a rationalist?

  1. Immanuel Kant.
  2. John Locke.
  3. René Descartes.
  4. David Hume.

 

11.   For Gottfried Leibniz, there are two kinds of truth.  What is the name of the class of truths that are based on the laws of logic?

  1. Categories.
  2. Truths of fact.
  3. Truths of reason.
  4. Impressions.

 

12.   Which philosopher is associated with the expression, “I think, therefore I am”?

  1. Gottfried Leibniz.
  2. John Locke.
  3. Immanuel Kant.
  4. René Descartes.

 

13.   This philosopher uses God as the basis of the reality of sense experience:

  1. John Locke.
  2. René Descartes.
  3. David Hume.
  4. Immanuel Kant.

 

14.   This is one of the problems of David Hume’s empiricism:

  1. It denies the existence of causal relationships.
  2. It is too subjective.
  3. One can have knowledge only if God exists.
  4. It relies heavily on the use of reason.

 

15.   This philosopher attempted to resolve the dispute between the rationalist and the empiricists:

  1. René Descartes.
  2. Hilary Putnam.
  3. Daniel Dennett.
  4. Pat Coyne.

 

16.   Which thinker denies that the thought experiment of brains in a vat is possible in fact:

  1. René Descartes.
  2. Hilary Putnam.
  3. Daniel Dennett.
  4. Pat Coyne.